灰度：Ordinals 可以解鎖比特幣的新潛力嗎？（英文原版）_THE

Since its inception, Bitcoin has been hailed by some as a revolutionary technology with the potential to transform the way we conduct transactions using a new financial layer. Recently, a new innovation has emerged that could unlock new possibilities for the Bitcoin network to also function as a cultural layer. Ordinals1, which refer to NFT2-like assets on the Bitcoin network, had their start in December 2022 when Bitcoin developer Casey Rodarmor released the ORD software. Each bitcoin can be subdivided into 100 million smaller units called “satoshis,” and while normally these satoshis are fungible3, ORD assigns numerical values to individual satoshis, allowing for uniqueness. More specifically, ORD, which runs on top of a Bitcoin Core full node, allows users to add arbitrary data to a Bitcoin transaction (“inscription”) and tie the data to an individual satoshi4 (“ordinal”). Ordinals have generated a great deal of attention in the crypto ecosystem, surpassing one million inscriptions on April 8, 2023 (Figure 2), and sparking a conversation about the potential to unlock new possibilities for the Bitcoin network.

Figure 1: Simplified Bitcoin Inscriptions and Ordinals Example

Source: Grayscale Research

灰度：SEC的加密托管新規或禁止使用Coinbase進行存儲比特幣和以太坊:金色財經報道，灰度（Grayscale）在Coinbase的托管部門存儲54億美元的比特幣和以太坊。美國證券交易委員會（SEC）提出了一項規則，要求投資平臺負責安全保管其客戶的加密貨幣資金。首席執行官Michael Sonnenshein表示，美國證券交易委員會提出的關于保護客戶加密貨幣資金托管的新規則將使 Grayscale 無法繼續通過 Coinbase 的托管部門存儲其比特幣和以太坊。[2023/5/10 14:55:09]

This process effectively creates a Non-Fungible Token (“NFT”) on the Bitcoin network. While some are critical of ordinals, cautioning against bloating the blockchain or harming fungibility, we believe that ordinals represent one of the larger opportunities for Bitcoin adoption, especially as the Bitcoin network has historically been viewed as a rigid blockchain ecosystem. 

Figure 2: Ordinals Count

Source: Dune, @dgtl_assets, as of 4/21/2023

Despite their recent popularity, ordinals are not the first instance of NFTs on the Bitcoin blockchain. Renowned Bitcoin NFT projects, such as Rare Pepe Cards (Figure 3), employed a Layer 25 network known as Counterparty, which was established in 2014. However, Counterparty’s Layer 2 infrastructure was criticized for being complicated, which left room for other approaches to take hold. While the Counterparty network may seem less relevant today, it still represents one of the first instances in crypto’s history where users created and traded unique digital assets – and arguably could have spurred the mass excitement around NFTs, more broadly.

灰度：美國比特幣持有者比例從2020年的23%增加至2021年的26%:12月7日消息，根據灰度Grayscale一項最新調研顯示，投資者正在接受比特幣，并且與前幾年相比，他們對網絡攻擊、波動性和監管等系統性風險的擔憂更少。灰度調查發現，擁有比特幣的美國人比例從2020年的23%增加到2021年的26%。在過去12個月內，超過一半 (55%) 的受訪投資者是首次投資比特幣并且認為比特幣是一種適合整體投資策略的長期投資。

此外，超過一半投資者都知道狗狗幣和以太坊，近四分之三 (74%) 的投資者聽說過狗狗幣，超過了對以太坊 (56%) 的認知度，LTC、ADA和USDT也受到投資者的關注，但認知度基本徘徊在25%左右。[2021/12/7 12:55:56]

Figure 3: Rare Pepe Card on Counterparty Network

Source: Rare Pepes

Ordinals stand out among Bitcoin NFT endeavors due to their independence from Layer 2 solutions. Rather than relying on such solutions, ordinals capitalize on previous Bitcoin network enhancements, such as SegWit (conducted in 2017, and increased Bitcoin block size limit to 4MB) and Taproot (conducted in 2021, and added more complex scripting in the witness6 section of the transaction). Ultimately, ordinals enable data to be directly embedded within the witness segment of a Bitcoin transaction. Ordinals can be composed of almost any type of data, ranging from pictures to videos to applications (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Example of a Bitcoin Ordinal

Source: Doom Clone NFT

As the use of ordinals deviates from the conventional peer-to-peer electronic cash system, numerous criticisms have arisen from those who disapprove of them. Generally, these criticisms can be summarized as follows:

灰度：投資者轉向比特幣作為潛在的通脹對沖工具:灰度在推特發布的圖表顯示了黃金、債券、標普500指數和BTC之間的對比，表明投資者最近已經將BTC作為一種潛在的通脹對沖工具。灰度指出，事實證明，在這一關鍵時刻，加密資產具有彈性，這給了投資者冒險投資的理由。灰度補充稱，加密市場的潛在激增已促使投資者轉向比特幣，將其作為抵御通脹的潛在對沖工具。（Newslogical）[2020/6/16]

Straying from Bitcoin’s initially conceived purpose: Utilizing the Bitcoin network to store arbitrary data contradicts the primary objective outlined in Satoshi’s 2013 whitepaper, which is for Bitcoin to serve as a “peer-to-peer electronic cash system.“

Blockchain bloat: Embedding additional data into the blockchain increases its size, making it more challenging to download and some argue that ordinals clutter the blockchain with extraneous information.

Compromises fungibility: If a substantial number of satoshis are inscribed, Bitcoin’s fungibility will diminish, potentially affecting its primary use case as electronic currency.

The concerns are valid: the original Bitcoin whitepaper does not account for unique digital assets, extra data contributing to blockchain bloat, nor inscriptions that could reduce fungibility. Still, ordinals are, in fact, a byproduct of utilizing the Bitcoin blockchain as it exists today and the subsequent crypto innovations that have come since, even if not initially envisioned by Bitcoin’s creator. And—while the inscription of satoshis does decrease fungibility—it is estimated that it would take around 238 years7 to mint ~.24% of total terminal BTC supply.  

聲音 | 灰度：比特幣具備對沖全球流動性危機的能力:據coindesk消息，加密貨幣資產管理公司Grayscale Investments（灰度）最近發布一份報告，報告揭示了比特幣作為對沖全球流動性危機的能力。考慮到全球貨幣，財政和貿易政策發生重大轉變，家和決策者可能會發現管理經濟越來越困難，從而暗示投資者需要控制自己的財務狀況。考慮到比特幣透明，不可變和全球流動性，擁有不同于其他任何資產的獨特屬性，這使得它能夠在正常經濟周期和市場動蕩期間表現良好，比特幣應該被視為長期投資組合中的戰略地位。該報告審查了近期五次宏觀經濟沖擊，在這些沖擊中，作為一種價值儲存手段，數字資產的表現優于其它投資。從這些案例研究(包括希臘退歐、英國退歐、中國的人民幣結構性貶值以及特朗普的兩次沖擊)中，報告推斷，比特幣可能是一個幫助投資者將其投資組合與任何潛在的市場失控隔離開來的有效工具。[2019/6/18]

We believe that ordinals are positive for the Bitcoin network in two key ways: resulting in an increase of Bitcoin miner fees, and potentially contributing to a cultural transformation within the Bitcoin community.  

One of the largest open issues related to Bitcoin’s economic model is the security budget, which is the concern that once all new tokens have been mined, miner rewards derived from transaction activity may eventually prove insufficient to motivate miners to maintain an adequate hash rate for securing the network. The advent of ordinals has led to an increase in total fees paid to miners (Figure 5), which could potentially establish a sustainable baseline level of transaction fees to incentivize miners, thereby ensuring continued network security throughout the lifetime of the Bitcoin network.

動態 | 灰度：以太坊經典信托基金不存在直接風險:據Cryptoglobe報道，灰度（Grayscale）近日針對以太坊經典遭遇51%攻擊一事回復詢問以太坊經典投資信托基金（ETCG）是否有風險的用戶。灰度指出，此次攻擊破壞了以太坊經典網絡的完整性，人們可能不太愿意接受ETC，因為懼怕雙花攻擊的風險。然而，ETC信托基金內的資產并不存在被盜或雙花攻擊的直接風險。據悉，以太坊經典投資信托基金（ETCG）管理著約2490萬美元，其背后團隊是Grayscale，Grayscale代機構投資者對這些基金進行收費管理。[2019/1/13]

Figure 5: Bitcoin Total Fees 

Source: Glassnode, as of 4/21/2023. For illustrative purposes only.

Bitcoin-the largest digital asset by market cap and mainstream awareness-has been criticized by some crypto insiders and developers as a relatively stagnant community and blockchain. Based on the velocity of NFT adoption witnessed on other chains, such as Ethereum, we believe that ordinals have the potential to attract new users who may not have previously considered using Bitcoin. We believe the emergence of ordinals is likely to promote a development-oriented community and culture in support of the Bitcoin network. 

Since its inception in 2017, the ERC721 standard has been adopted by some of the most well-known NFT collections on Ethereum. While other blockchains use their own standards, it is a natural reference point to compare Bitcoin Ordinals to Ethereum’s ERC721, considering Ethereum NFTs account for nearly 90% of the total NFT market share. Ordinals exhibit several notable distinctions in comparison. 

Ultimately, ordinals present a straightforward manifestation of non-fungible digital assets due to their immutable nature, absence of programmability, and mandatory on-chain inscription requirements, as opposed to ERC721s. Although Ethereum NFTs boast greater programmability and currently dominate the NFT market in terms of volume and popularity, ordinals could be an appealing alternative for those seeking a straightforward, scarcer digital asset on the most established blockchain available.

Although ordinals are a recent development, they have already amassed over one million inscriptions within a mere four months, even during a bear market. This unexpected surge in popularity may indicate a shift in the broader perception of Bitcoin, despite its reputation as an ossified blockchain. While legitimate concerns exist, we believe that ordinals have the potential to positively impact the Bitcoin network in the longer-term, attracting a new wave of enthusiastic users and developers to embrace the Bitcoin community.

 “Ordinals” refers to a numbering scheme for satoshis that allows tracking and transferring individual satoshis.

  A non-fungible token is a unique digital identifier that is recorded on a blockchain, and is used to certify ownership and authenticity. 

 Fungibility is the property of a good or a commodity whose individual units are essentially interchangeable, and each of whose parts are indistinguishable from any other part.

 The smallest unit of bitcoin; there are 100 million satoshis in one bitcoin.

 Layer 2 blockchain solutions are protocols designed to function atop a Layer 1 blockchain (such as Bitcoin or Ethereum) with the aim of enhancing scalability, privacy, and other attributes of the foundational blockchain.

 The witness segment within a Bitcoin transaction is responsible for housing transaction signatures. This information can be converted into accessible content-kjct for any Bitcoin node utilizing the ORD software.

 500 million inscriptions assuming around 10,000 satoshis per inscription, which equates to approximately 50,000 BTC inscribed or 0.24% of the total terminal supply of 21 million.

 Ethereum Request for Comments (ERC) 721 is a data standard for creating non fungible tokens, meaning each token is unique and cannot be divided or directly exchanged for another ERC-721 token. The ERC-721 standard allows creators to issue unique crypto assets like NFTs via smart contracts.

 The InterPlanetary File System is a protocol, hypermedia and file sharing peer-to-peer network for storing and sharing data in a distributed file system. 

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